Employee Empowerment And Participative Work Redesign Programs Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2435 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION TO EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATIVE WORK REDESIGN PROGRAMS Employee empowerment and participative work redesign programs have been a part of the recurring discussions by authors in the recent years. The two phrases have been called as twin and have been deployed as worthy innovations and as necessary features to enhance movements including Total Quality Management and Business process re-engineering (Beirne themes M., 2006). Empowerment is considered to be an important ingredient in high performance organisations today. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Employee Empowerment And Participative Work Redesign Programs Business Essay" essay for you Create order The meaning and definition of the word EMPOWERMENT can be interpreted in various ways by different people. As cited in Michelle.K et al (2000), Parker and Price (1994) define empowerment in an organizational context as the belief that one has control over decision making, Conger and Kanungo (1988) define empowerment as increased feelings of self-efficacy, Thomas and Velthouse (1990) and Spreitzer (1995) expand the definition to include the meaning of the work, self-efficacy or competence, self determination or choice about actions, and impact on work outcomes, Kieffer (1984) define empowerment as long-term adult learning and development with the goal of increasing participatory competence, i.e. the ability to play an active role in shaping ones environment. Thus including all the above definitions, empowerment can be defined as A developmental process that promotes an active approach to problem solving, increased political understanding, and an increased ability to exercise control. For the British government and European Union members, the main consideration was given to a humanist element that included fairness and consensus, which focused on economic empowerment; absorbing the building up of economy, community and citizens. (Commission of the European Union, 1998 and Department of Trade and Industry, 1999), (cited in Beirne, M. 2006 p2). To cope up with the ever increasing pressure of globalisation and demand for higher efficiency, a lot many organizations have decided to apply the strategy of restructuring. As cited in Isaiah O.et al, from past many decades most of the work on job design and redesign has been based on the studies of Hackman and Oldham (1976, 1980). As per them the motivational potential in a job is dependent on a number of tasks dimensions such as task variety, autonomy, identity, significance feedback and skills variety. It is generally assumed that a job that has higher value of above mentioned attributes has a higher motivating potent ial than a job that is not. In the present era Employee Empowerment and Participative Work Redesign Programs are becoming very popular as they not only ensure job satisfaction and job security at the workplace, but also foster power in people to carry any type of task and cope up with any kind of challenge with confidence IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATIVE WORK REDESIGN PROGRAMS Employee empowerment and Participative work redesign programs forms the basis for every organisation today ,as it allows and help the organisation to achieve its objectives and help in transfusing reflective learning in the employees and gear them up to contribute their best towards the progress of the organisation. In the past century, workers were disempowered under Taylorism and Fordism as they followed the approach of disconnecting the doing and thinking aspects of work. Both Taylor and Ford utilised their ideas in the restructuring of American steel plant and ultimately led to increased productivity and output and also had been able to distribute goods to a large population. Though there were some good aspects associated with Fordism and Taylorism but dehumanising impact on employees was the main source and area of concern. Workers were being affected by the monotony of work, health issues due to cumbersome tasks and by the lack of job satisfaction. Ford himself discovered the power of empowerment along with various other organisations, as employees were dissatisfied with their jobs and were forced to go in search of other alternatives. This lead to the softening of the regime and various incentives and bonuses were offered to retain employees and in Fords case salary hikes and socialisation programmes to induce a sense of commitment towards his company were conducted for the immigrant workers (Beirne, 2006). Many organisations today still follow the authoritarian management styles as were followed decades ago by Taylor and Ford. This part of essay is in reference to my personal experience of working in an Information Technology firm. I joined the firm some three years back with a lot of expectation in mind in regards to job satisfaction, opportunity to learn and enhance my skills. With the passage of time I started to realise that the people within my department were afraid of our Group project manager and as soon as he was seen around people woul d pretend to be working on some important task which in actual was not the case. The atmosphere there was always full of fear and tension. Also during the times of recession a couple of years back employees were forced to take over tasks forcefully, they were transferred to the location away from their homes and were forced to abide by policies that were of no use within the company. Due to fear of losing their jobs employees became puppets of the higher management and had to agree on everything they were asked to do. All these factors finally resulted in high iteration rate within the company as employee were dissatisfied with the quality of work and always feared job insecurity .Thus the employer eventually had to roll back all the unnecessary policies, had to pay high incentives to the employees and considered promoting their employees to retain them within the organisation. Many organisational changes were done to foster in employees satisfaction from their jobs. A lot many o rganisations have benefitted themselves by empowering its employees and launching various motivational programmes. One of the live examples of the same is the BMW Mini plant in Oxford. The company claims to have saved about 10.5 million pounds in two years. The employees within the firm were asked to generate ideas for improvement and a target for the same was given to all its employees. If the target was achieved successfully then the employees were rewarded with the various bonuses. Empowering employees to generate ideas for companys improvement indirectly encourages the employees to work at its best for the success of the organisation. www.ethicalcorp.com Second example of employee empowerment is the company named Toshiba that started an innovation programme in year 2001 to increase its performance and in return saved nearly  £3 billion worldwide and over  £10 million in the UK. There were a couple of challenges faced by the management initially as it was difficult to m otivate employees to generate ideas. Also a number of innovative projects in the company had been a result of bringing together employees from across the departments in the organisation. www.ethicalcorp.com Recalling the case study shown in class, on Wedge wood organisation, the company suffered major losses due to ineffective management, employees had no say in the organisation and also the employees were not satisfied with their jobs. The employer in order to bring change within the company decided to spend millions of pounds on buying robot machines that were not efficient and had teething problems , neglecting his employees. The company should have gone with the criteria of empowering its employee, and through participative work redesign programmes it could have saved the company from wasting millions of pounds on the useless robot machines and also would have fostered in its employee satisfaction towards their job. MAIN CHALLENGES OF MANAGING INNOVATION AT WORK Innovation forms the basis for any organization who wants to survive in todays restless environment. Organisations today should always strive to renew the process they offer and deliver to their stakeholders. Benefits of innovation include targeting the best customers, holding large market share, increased shareholder return and high employee satisfaction and morale. The word innovation originated from Latin word innovare which means to make something new. The most comprehensive definition was given by U.K. department of trade and industry who see it as the successful exploitation of new ideas. An employer may face a lot many challenges while managing innovation at work. The main challenges that can be faced by an employer are as below: What is the need to change? : Organizations always face a big question of why do we need to innovate. The reason for the same is just to stay within the market for a long term and it may involve configuration of the products, processes or m arkets all over again. In each case it involves learning and unlearning and it requires strategic direction to focus this process. Also the organizations have to focus on the core area of process, where change is needed. What is it that needs to be changed: Every firm needs to realize the areas that require changes? Even after the firms have recognized the need for continuous innovation they may face a number of challenges in setting up a required innovation agenda. After an innovation agenda is selected still there are a lot many challenges faced in order to ensure continuous improvement in order to succeed. Continuous Learning: Continuous learning is necessary for every single organization as it helps them in their development and for this a good practice model is very much required. In the good practice, it is easier to know how an organization can create a series of new products and services. A few features that belongs to a good practice model includes team working, learn ing and improving continuously, requirement of project management structures and a need of well built structure for continuous flow of processes. Irrespective of the various issues that we find while innovating processes it will always be a subject of change over period of time. www.indianmba.com Communication: Communication holds a major challenge when the innovation within the organization is to be considered. An employer has to make sure that there occurs exhaustive knowledge exchange between all the divisions and departments associated with bringing in the change in order to successfully accomplish the tasks. In case the flow of information between the various units and departments, on the needs to change, is not clear it may prove hazardous to the organization. Thus innovation requires proper channel of communication so as to get feedback and approval of all the employees before going ahead and making a change. One fine example that defines the real meaning and importa nce of term innovation was Danish Company named LEGO which is most famous brands in the world when it comes to making childrens toys. Initially company only focused on creating simple wooden toys but the main turning point for the company was in 1940 when it started making plastic toys that had parts that could be set apart and re-assembled. The design was not initially successful but soon with the help of Godtfred Kirk Christiansen and his discussions with the USA buyers an idea of an architectural innovation popped up which demanded a product platform on which many different designs could have been build. The design took some time to be accepted but by 1958 it became a reality. A series of product, process and market innovations of adding wheels, figures, targeting new market segments helped the company to evolve in the market. By 1968 LEGO toy system opened its theme park as well and it started to attract over 600,000 visitors in its first year itself. The company grew exceptiona lly well only by bringing on the basic changes to its design. Thus innovation within an organization can help an organization to reach acme of heights. The main challenge that can be faced by any organization while making any innovative change is to determine the after affects of the change and would then help the organization flourish as is expected from such a change. www.managing-innovation.com Another case that determines the importance of innovation at work is to be detailed now. Henry Ford started producing cars somewhere back in 1903 and faced success only when the Model T was launched. The main contribution which he made was to change the approach of manufacturing and marketing of cars i.e. the new changes that could have been brought to the already existing cars in the market. Henry, involved rethinking the design of the car and his aim here was to develop the Model T in such a way that it could be purchased by a large section market. He designed and standardised t he whole car along with the constituent elements. He even aimed at targeting a large market in competition to the already existing brands in the market from other companies. Ford and his team of engineers even rethought the overall production operations and it was based on a number of innovations which reduced the need for skilled labour, mechanised much of the assembly process, integrated preparation and manufacturing operations for both components and finished product and systematised the entire process. By following all the changes they were able to generate high volumes of cars thereby increasing productivity and generating high revenues to the company. www.managing-innovation.com Considering the case study on nursing empowerment as discussed in class, the main aim of this the case study was to improve the health care of the patients. For this reason the concept of primary nursing was brought into consideration which aimed at allocating nurses to the fixed number of patien ts so that they can give utmost attention to the health of patients they have been allocated to. Primary nurses were supported by a team to cope up with the work consisting of assistant nurses and ward coordinators. The project faced a number of challenges where in the ward coordinators did not pass on the value information to the nurses taking care of the patients ultimately not allowing them to have full control of their duties. Also the supervisors moved the patients and nurses from one ward to another that disrupted the functioning of the project. Nurses lost their patients due to such a scenario and also lost all the power to talk their heart out in case of any problem. Consultants also faced a lot of issues dealing with the scenarios as they had to go about making rounds of the wards dealing with different nurses and their patients. The above project could have successfully worked had there been a couple of changes been made to functioning of the system. Managing a system requ ire a great deal of efforts and innovating changes take a lot of effort as with changes may arise a lot of factors such as job dissatisfaction, politics within the company, frustrations , unwillingness to work and monotony at work place. GUIDANCE TO SENIOR MANAGERS IN OVERCOMING DIFFICULTIES AND PROMOTING EMPOWERMENT

The Benefits Of Management Science - 1306 Words

3 The benefits of management science When it comes to the benefits of implementing a management science approach, organisations can expect a number of advantages. Management science can reduce the overall efficiency of the organisation and make decision-making easier and more defined. The broad advantage of the approach is its ability to design measures that can be used to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of the processes currently in use. Management science looks at the current situation and compares it with other possibilities, creating measurable predictions. The analysis of processes and decision-making can help the organisation identify the problem areas, as well as the systems that are already working efficiently. The identification of these will guarantee the organisation is using processes and decision-making approaches that provide the best results in terms of the achieving the organisation’s objectives. Furthermore, the management science approach can help more specifically in the following core areas of any business: †¢ Planning – The management science approach can be uses in planning because it identifies and predicts the results of certain processes. The approach makes it easier to understand the future needs of the organisation based on the current and future models, as well as the objectives the organisation is looking to fulfil. †¢ Organising – †¢ Leading and controlling operations – Since the approach focuses on management, it can boost the way theShow MoreRelatedDefinition Of Health Information Technology875 Words   |  4 Pagesinformatics (HI). The purpose of this paper is to present the definitions of HI and Health Information Technology (HIT) and the overview of the recent developments in the field, contributing players from other disciplines and how a system framework will benefit the field of HI. 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Rrl of Marketing Information System Free Essays

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A marketing information system (MIS) is a set of procedures and methods designed to generate, analyze, disseminate, and store anticipated marketing decision information on a regular, continuous basis. An information system can be used operationally, managerially, and strategically for several aspects of marketing. A marketing information system can be used operationally, managerially, and strategically for several aspects of marketing. We will write a custom essay sample on Rrl of Marketing Information System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first definition of marketing information systems was presented by Cox and Good (1967) who referred to them as a group of procedures and methods for the planned analysis and the presentation of information to be used in marketing decision making. Later, this definition was extended by several authors such as Brien and Stafford (1968), Proctor (1991), Talvinen (1995), Burns and Bush (1995), and Kotler (1991, 2003), among others. Thus, Proctor (1991) defined the MKIS as a system that examines and collects data from the environment; that uses data for the operations and transactions within the company, and that filters, organizes, and selects data to present them for business purposes. According to Kotler (2003) and Bums and Bush (1995) defined the MKIS as a consistent system of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, classify, analyze, evaluate, and distribute the necessary, timely, and precise information needed for decision making. For Talvinen (1995), the marketing information systems are a fundamental part of the company information systems portfolio that aids the direction of the managerial process, especially the marketing process. Jobber (2007) defines it as a â€Å"system in which marketing data is formally gathered, stored, analyzed and distributed to managers in accordance with their informational needs on a regular basis. † Kotler, et al. (2006) define it more broadly as â€Å"people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers. A formal MkIS can be of great benefit to any organization whether profit making or nonprofit making, no matter what its size or the level of managerial finesse. It is true today that in many organization an MkIS is integrated as part of a computerized system. To manage a business well is to manage its future and this means that management of information, in the form of a companywide â€Å"Management Information System† (MUS) of which the MkIS is an integral part, is an indispensable resource to be carefully managed just like any other resource that the organization may have e. . human resources, productive resources, transport resources and financial resources. Marketing information systems (MKIS) must play a different role from the roles they traditionally performed; that is, they need roles that may guide and support the decisions made at the corporate, functional, and operational levels. Previous research on the application of the MKIS shows that they have been applied mainly to the routine function of marketing rather than the strategic function (Xianzhong, 1999). Frequently, organizations have utilized these information systems to support the competitive analysis that they themselves conduct and to find out the market conditions, however, they have not developed research that may support the formulation of strategies, or such development has been nonexistent (Main Marone, 2002). According Zabriskie and Huellmantel (1994) have pointed out that providing competitive information to formulate strategies is the responsibility of the marketing director, with the support of the marketing research department. However, conceptual and empirical research on marketing information systems has given little attention to the type of information that those in charge of making decisions may consider useful for the performance of their marketing tasks (Ashill Jobber, 2002). According to Proctor (1991), there is a lot of information, but not of the correct type, and much error; that is, such information is more focused on the operational rather than on the strategic function. Nevertheless, it is necessary to take into account that the utilization of the MKIS is crucial for the success of an organization and should be an integral part of the strategic planning process (Amaravadi, 1995) since the marketing data base is a vital element for the strategic planning of many companies and often presents challenges in terms of management, marketing and sales (Stone Shaw, 1987). In the latter half of the 20th century, several authors such as Cox and Good (1967), Kotler (1991, 2003), Proctor (1991), and Talvinen (1995), among others, have presented models for marketing information systems. Bums and Bush (1995) presented a classification of the marketing information systems similar to that of Kotler’s (2003) through a model in which there is an interrelationship between the environment and the MKIS and among these and the managing directors. Talvinen (1995) classified the models presented in two groups determined by the managerial position and the operational-tactical function of those who make the decisions. In the first group, the basic classifying models of all the authors are presented, and the users are likely to be the senior executives, business strategy units, directors, marketing analysts, and experts. In the second group, the model of Moriarty and Swartz (1989) is found, and its users are likely to be the mid-level executives and sales operations personnel. According to Ansoff, Declerck, and Hayes (1990), the strategic level of a company is in continuous contact with the organizational environment; for Mintzberg and Quinn (1993), strategy is defined in terms of the four p’s: plan, pattern, position, and perspective. Finally, according to Thompson, Strickland, and Gamble (2005), the strategy consists of business competitive movements and approaches that the directing managers employ in order to attract and please clients, compete successfully, make the business grow, conduct operations, and reach set goals. At the turn of the 21st century, researchers paid increased interest in the marketing information systems that are required by those in charge of making decisions (Amaravadi, 1995; Ashill Jobber, 2002; Talvinen, 1995). However, little has been studied regarding the marketing information systems and the formulation of strategies at different levels. Research studies have centered upon general aspects of the formulation process and strategy implementation (Ashill, Frederikson, Davies, 2003; McCarthy Leavy, 2000; Varadarajan Jayachandran, 1999; White, Conant, Echambadi, 2003) rather than on specific aspects such as the information systems that the organizations require in order to formulate strategies (Proctor, 1991). However, it is necessary to consider that organizations operate at three levels (corporate, business unit, and functional or operational) and reflect, at the same time, three strategy levels (corporate, business unit, and functional or operational). The MKIS range from the strategic to the operational level and require a different type of information on marketing at each level. This distinction of levels has prompted some authors to study the MKIS and strategy levels (Hair, Bush, Ortinau, 2003; Talvinen, 1995), as well as the MKIS required at each strategy level (Talvinen, 1995), but the type of marketing information required at each strategy level and for each MKIS has not been studied. Like the application of the marketing activities, the application of the MKIS has also concentrated on the area of productivity and sales administration more than on the strategic area (Hewson Hewson, 1994; Wilson McDonald, 1994). Even though some businesses have used these systems at the strategic level, their use still concentrates on the marketing functions related to the client, such as, for example, direct sales (Xianzhong, 1999). In the face of the existing gap in the literature, and, above all, because there is no classification of the MKIS by strategy level, the information that the managing directors require at each level was classified for each MKIS taking into account the definitions that these systems present (Burns Bush, 1995; Kotler, 2003; Talvinen, 1995). How to cite Rrl of Marketing Information System, Essay examples

Clinical Integration Specialty Practice †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Integration Specialty Practice. Answer: Introduction The paper deals with case study of the Ms Melody King suffering from peritonitis following the ruptured appendix. As a nurse, I have been assigned to Ms Melody for postoperative care. The nursing goal is to utilise Levett-Jones Clinical Reasoning Cycle, to examine, establish relevant nursing goals for the case study, plan and evaluate patient centred care. The Clinical Reasoning Cycle developed by Levett Jone is the cycle of linked and ongoing clinical situations. This cycle acts as a decision-making framework to consider the patients condition, prioritise the key nursing issues and establish goals. It is difficult to improve the patients health condition without effective clinical reasoning skills (Dalton, Gee Levett-Jones, 2015). The case history of Ms Melody informs that she is 36 year old and was presented to the emergency department for Left Lower Quadrant abdominal pain. The pain was severe and was persistent for 2-3 days. The case reports of immediate laparoscopic surgery requirement for removing the ruptured appendix. As per the admission history, the patient has history of asthma and depression. Her current prescribed and complaint medications include seretide, ventolin, and sertraline. Her clinical handover shows presents blood pressure to be 95/45mmHg, HR 120, Temperature 38.3Celcius, respiratory rate 22/minute and shallow and SpO2 95% on room air. The case reports informs that currently the patient is facing increased nausea. Her centralised abdominal pain assessment score showed 8 on 10. Physical assessment data showed a distended abdomen and generalised abdominal guarding. Further pathology tests were conducted to investigate her condition and a raised white blood cell count and CRP was observed. The patient is diagnosed with peritonitis following ruptured appendix Ms. Melody has been shifted to surgical ward post operation. According to Brambillasca et al. (2017) peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneum surrounding abdominal organs. It is known as grave complication of the surgical intervention, appendectomy (surgical removal of ruptured appendix). It is due to the tactical or technical errors rarely made during the operation. In majority of the cases, the condition occurs due to perforation of the appendix. Spread of infection from the digestive organs is the principle condition causing Peritinotis. When the bacterial invasion from the appendicitis into peritoneum occurs, it results in inflammation. White blood cells and CRPs are blood inflammatory makers and when applied to lower quadrant abdominal pain is indicative of infections or inflammatory disease process. CRP is the C-reactive protein secreted by liver when the bacterial infections occur. This is the underlying reason for increased White blood cells and CRP level in the patient (Preto-Zamperlini et al., 2014). Fever, nausea, abdominal distension, tenderness and continued abdominal pain are the common signs and symptoms of this condition, also observed in the patient (fever- 38.3Celcius and pain score of 8 on 10). Further patients infective breathing pattern is evident from her low blood pressure, rapid heart beating and shallow breathing (Chaudhary et al., 2015). Ms Melody has increased risk of depression due to history of asthma and present exacerbation of abdominal pain. If the pain is not treated she might have poor physical and mental health. Depression and anxiety due to pain is common during peritonitis and situational crisis. It may decrease the functional and emotional status of the patient. Depression may also be added by the financial constraints and the expensive treatment (Lutz et al., 2015). Nursing problems/issues based on the health assessment data Increase in pain level Anxiety and depression due to untreated pain Exacerbation of peritonitis and complications due to reduced GI functions Risk of infection and risk of shock due to septicaemia or hypovolemia Elevated pain levels are the prime concern in this case. This first priority area needs to be addressed immediately. Patients with peritonitis have reduced GI functions and hence it must be restored. Hence GI function restoration is the second priority area. If the infection is untreated, it may further exacerbate the complications. Additional complications may include rebound tenderness with guarding in abdomen, bowel sounds may decrease, rigid and distended abdomen. In addition, next to shallow breathing, the breath sounds may decrease and diminished secondary to shallow breathing. If the fever persist the pulse may be bounding. The patient also has the risk of deficient fluid volume that may be caused due to shifting of fluids to intestinal lumen. It may lead to fluid depletion in the vascular space. Thus, it is the third priority area that needs intervention. The patient may also be at the risk for shock related to septicaemia or hypovolemia (Sachs et al., 2017). Thus, intensive care is to be delivered to the patient to reduce infection. It is the fourth priority area. Nursing goals The main nursing goal in this case is to deliver postoperative therapy to prevent the exacerbation of Peritonitis. The nursing goals appropriate for Ms Melody with peritonitis include the following- Decrease the level of pain Reduce the risk of infection at the site of operation Reduce the risk of fluid volume deficit Prevent complications Restore the normal GI functions Reduce the level of anxiety and depression These goals are developed as per the priority nursing area. Nursing intervention The first nursing interventions is to monitor the consciousness, intake and output, and vital signs. Ms Melody will be frequently noted for decreased pulse pressure, increase in fever, tachycardia and tachypnea. Patients blood pressure would be monitored by artereial line to eliminate the risk of shock (Williams Hopper, 2015). The second intervention is to provide sterile surgical wound care to prevent infection and related complications. With the increase in pain, the infection is indicated to be accelerated. Perineal Cleansing with appropriate solution is necessary to prevent cross contamination and limit bacterial growth (Han et al., 2015). The third intervention is to administer the medication that is analgesic and anti-emnetics as prescribed. Anti-emetics are effective in reducing nausea and vomiting that exacerbates abdominal pain. Analgesics reduce the intestinal irritation from circulating. It promotes pain relief (Litz et al., 2017). The fourth intervention is to set and move the patients position to prevent drain uprooted. According to Doenges et al. (2014) analgesics together with proper body positioning can help relieve pain. Ms Melodys body position will be changed frequently, and maintain wrinkle free bedding as edematous tissue with poor circulation is to prone breakdown. Ms Melody can be maintained in semi-Fowlers position as it will allow wound drainage by gravity. It will reduce abdominal tension and also reduce pain. Other comfort measures such as breathing, massage or diversional activities will be provided to promote relaxation and enhance coping abilities. The fifth intervention is to take the recording of all intake and output to ensure fluid replacement. It will be followed by administering and close monitoring of the IV fluids. It reflects the overall hydration status. Observation of the drain properties is essential and the color number will be recorded. Drainage monitoring is the vital element of the postoperative care (Kubota et al., 2015). The sixth intervention is to schedule adequate rest and uninterrupted periods of sleep to conserve energy and limit fatigue. In addition, the patient was provided oxygen via nasal prongs to maintain normal oxygen saturation. It was required as the patient also has history of asthma (Ignatavicius Workman, 2015). Evaluating nursing care strategies The following outcomes can be observed that indicates response to nursing intervention and care plan- The signs of peritonitis disappeared is the normal body temperature, pulse rate, and breathing The patient reports relive in pain and demonstrates relaxation skills The patient demonstrates improvement in the fluid balance indicated by stable vital signs, adequate urinary output weight within acceptable reason. Normal drinking and eating is restored The patient is free of drainage of erythema, wound site is clean without infection Reduction in anxiety and depression to manageable level. The patient demonstrates the awareness of feelings Prevention of complications (postoperations) Reflection on the persons outcomes While I was on my clinical placement on surgical ward of ___hospital , I was caring for Ms Melody admitted for appendicitis and Peritonitis. I was assigned for postoperative care and the case history showed for exacerbation of pain and vital signs indicated infective pattern. Psychiatric anxiety and depression was prominent due to illness and situational crisis and history of asthma. I was working under the supervision of RN and strictly followed the guidelines of Nursing and Midwifery board standard 6.2 (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Registered nurse standards for practice, 2017). Firstly, I have administered the medication as prescribed by the physician an adjusting the patient to semi-Fowlers position. It will help her regain her comfort, reduce pain and level of oxygen. Senior nurse leader appreciated me for my nursing decision and care plan. I have applied the nursing critical thinking and reasoning skills. I have regularly observed the vital signs and educated the patient about the pros and cons of not adhering to medication and instructions. Secondly, I have adhered to patient centered care. I have used active listening skills and was sympathetic, when the patient described her pain and symptoms. I asked the patient to rate her pain and used PQRST method of assessing pain (Wells, Pasero McCaffery, 2017). To make her feel comfortable, I have explained the cause of her infection and complications. The more awareness she will have the better she can cope with the intervention. After interventions, nursing assessment was ongoing and precise. Ms Melody was continuously assessed for pain, fluid and electrolyte balance and monitoring of the GI functions to assess response to the intervention. I was mindful of using safety strategies and holistic approach to improve mental and physical wellbeing of Ms Melody. I have consulted physician for analgesics and oxygen therapy to be provided (Tang et al., 2015). Thus, I can conclude that the patient centred care and on time medication improved the health outcomes of patients. I was successful in addressing the individual needs and goals of patient. The patients right of autonomy, respect and dignity were maintained by involving her in health related decisions. Her values, needs and preferences were respected (Krger et al., 2016). She hadaccess to health information, treatment options and have a freedom of choice regarding physical and emotional comfort. During care, the patients privacy and confidentiality of information were maintained. The standards and code of ethics of Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia were strictly followed (Gray Rowe Barnes, 2016). Further, I think there should be Education and training for using different pain assessment tools. References Brambillasca, P., Benigni, A., Maffioletti, M., Sonzogni, V., Lorini, L. F., Corbella, D. (2017). Anesthetics considerations in peritonitis.Journal of Peritoneum (and other serosal surfaces),2(1). Chaudhary, P., Ishaq Nabi, G. R., Tiwari, A. K., Kumar, S., Kapur, A., Arora, M. P. (2015). Prospective analysis of indications and early complications of emergency temporary loop ileostomies for perforation peritonitis.Annals of gastroenterology: quarterly publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology,28(1), 135. Dalton, L., Gee, T., Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Using clinical reasoning and simulation-based education to'flip'the Enrolled Nurse curriculum.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, The,33(2), 29. Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F., Murr, A. C. (2014).Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. FA Davis. Gray, M., Rowe, J., Barnes, M. (2016). Midwifery professionalisation and practice: Influences of the changed registration standards in Australia.Women and Birth,29(1), 54-61. Han, L., Shen, C., Tian, Y. (2015). Clinical Treatment and Nursing Care of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Acute Abdomen.Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research,4(11), 1821-1825. Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L. (2015).Medical-Surgical Nursing-E-Book: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Krger, R., Hilker, R., Winkler, C., Lorrain, M., Hahne, M., Redecker, C., ... Jost, W. H. (2016). Advanced stages of PD: interventional therapies and related patient-centered care.Journal of Neural Transmission,123(1), 31-43. Kubota, A., Goda, T., Tsuru, T., Yonekura, T., Yagi, M., Kawahara, H., ... Umeda, S. (2015). Efficacy and safety of strong acid electrolyzed water for peritoneal lavage to prevent surgical site infection in patients with perforated appendicitis.Surgery today,45(7), 876-879. Litz, C. N., Stone, L., Alessi, R., Walford, N. E., Danielson, P. D., Chandler, N. M. (2017). Impact of outpatient management following appendectomy for acute appendicitis: An ACS NSQIP-P analysis.Journal of Pediatric Surgery. Lutz, P., Nischalke, H. D., Strassburg, C. P., Spengler, U. (2015). Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: The clinical challenge of a leaky gut and a cirrhotic liver.World journal of hepatology,7(3), 304. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Registered nurse standards for practice. (2017).Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 10 August 2017, fromhttps://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards/registered- nurse-standards- for-practice.aspx Preto-Zamperlini, M., Farhat, S. C. L., Perondi, M. B. M., Pestana, A. P., Cunha, P. S., Pugliese, R. P. S., Schvartsman, C. (2014). Elevated C-reactive protein and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in children with chronic liver disease and ascites.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition,58(1), 96-98. Sachs, A., Guglielminotti, J., Miller, R., Landau, R., Smiley, R., Li, G. (2017). Risk Factors and Risk Stratification for Adverse Obstetrical Outcomes After Appendectomy or Cholecystectomy During Pregnancy.JAMA surgery,152(5), 436-441. Tang, R., Tian, X., Xie, X., Yang, Y. (2015). Intestinal Infarction Caused by Thrombophlebitis of the Portomesenteric Veins as a Complication of Acute Gangrenous Appendicitis After Appendectomy: A Case Report.Medicine,94(24). Wells, N., Pasero, C., McCaffery, M. (2017).Improving the Quality of Care Through Pain Assessment and Management.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2658/ Williams, L. S., Hopper, P. D. (2015).Understanding medical surgical nursing. FA Davis.

Venus and Adonis Essay Example For Students

Venus and Adonis Essay It also intends to deal with its controversial subject matter, which has always been a topic of interest for scholars and critics. Venus and Adonis has been interpreted as everything from a noble love poem to an obscene tale of lust. Its debatable theme has been interpreted as going far beyond the story of how the goddess of love -Venus fell in love with a young man, Adonis. Scholars often show a particular interest in Venus attempts to make love and Adonis refusals. The plot follows as Adonis abandons her and sets off to hunt a boar. When Adonis is finally mutilated by a wild boar, Venus is left alone suffering the bitter loss of her juvenile love. We will write a custom essay on Venus and Adonis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will also try to prove why Venus and Adonis has demonstrated to be one of Shakespeares most distinguished narrative works, mainly deriving from its dealing with a theme concerning the primarily human subject of sexual love. Finally, the objective of this investigation is to examine the sources in which Shakespeare inspired to achieve his narrative work and to mention the ways in which the author has depicted one of his magnificent literary achievements. Venus and Adonis is a narrative poem that has been written by the greatest dramatist ever, William Shakespeare. The poem tells the story of goddess Venus passion for Adonis, a young hunter. Venus courts him, and further on, she aims at making love with him. Adonis refuses her, considering her too lustful. Instead, he decides to go hunting, and ends up being killed by a wild boar. Venus finds the dead corpse and laments herself because her beloved has passed away. The poem begins with a contrasting introduction of the two characters: in the first stanza rose cheekd Adonis is contrasted to ill-thought Venus: Rose cheeked Adonis hied him to the chase (Line 3) Sick thoughted Venus makes amain unto him (Line 5) He is presented as an innocent young man, that hunting (he) loved, but love he laught to scorn (line 4). On the contrary, Venus is presented as a perverted female who gins to woo him (line 6). In this poem, the standard romantic convention, where the lovesick male pursues uninterested women, is reversed, as it is Venus who courts and harasses Adonis. It can also be noticed that Shakespeare takes every opportunity to emphasise this role inversion. Venus is a parody of a typical male suitor, while Adonis is presented in a traditionally feminine role, and is regarded as a mere sex object. And having felt the sweetness of the spoil, With blind fold fury she begins to forage; Her face doth reek and smoke, her blood doth boil, And careless lust stirs up a desperate courage; Planting oblivion, beating reason back, Forgetting shames pure blush and honours wrack (lines 553-59) He now obeys, and now no more resisteth (line 564) Venus overbearing seizure of Adonis is a virtual parody of male aggressiveness, emphasising role inversion: With this she seizeth on his sweating palm, The precedent of pith and livelihood, And, trembling in her passion, calls it balm (Lines 25-27) Venus draws the attention in the poem due to her many attributes as the great goddess of love, as seen in the following lines: Her arrival on earth is sudden and mysterious. She has put on a womans form, yet she is strangely incorporeal, neither naked nor clothed, neither young nor old, with perennial beauty that as the spring doth yearly grow. The sensuality of her courtship is only apparent: her hand if touched would dissolve, or seem to melt; the primroses she lies on support her like sturdy trees. (Boyce) Venus might be the idealisation of beauty and love, but to Adonis she is no more than an lustful older woman who does not see that he is too young, as the text is old; the orator to green. Venus repeated enthusiasm for physical love can be noticed in lines 229-240, where there is an erotic characterisation of Venus own body as landscape. In lines 19-24, it can be seen that Venus attraction to Adonis is completely physical and passionate: And yet not cloy thy lips with loathed satiety, But rather famish them amid their plenty, Making them red and pale with fresh variety; Ten kisses short as one, one long as twenty: As summers day will seem an hour but short, Being wasted in such time-beguiling sport Moreover, Venus argues that love is the most appropriate human activity because it leads to reproduction (lines 163-174). As for Adonis, Venus views the common adolescent as the very archetypal pattern and substance of which beautiful things are but shadows. Adonis is described as a tiny, terrified waterbird in lines 86-87. Adonis is also associated with the imagery suggestive of womans physical charms: Stain to all nymphs, more lovely than a man, More white and red than doves or roses are. (lines 9-10) Doth quench the maiden burning of his cheeks. (line 50) On several occasions, Venus wooing exposes the comic indignity of the situation. Venus sweats with heat and effort, she pleads Adonis, but he claims: .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .postImageUrl , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:hover , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:visited , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:active { border:0!important; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:active , .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ae24e1504fd228217595f40ca59f28d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Charles Dickens wrote Hard Times Essay For shame, he cries, let go, and let me go; My days delight is past, my horse is gone, And tis your fault I am bereft him so. Adonis rejects not only Venus herself but also her idea of love, which he equates with lust in lines 787-798: Call it not love, for Love to heaven is fled, Since sweating Lust on earth usurped his name Therefore, it can be said that Venus and Adonis represent opposing points of view, as the goddess finds fulfilment in the delights of sensuality, while the mortal man conceives of an ideal spiritual state The poem simultaneously views love in contradictory ways. Though love is the noblest of imaginable states of mind, as Adonis insists, it is also utterly dull, even ridiculous, grounded, as it is in the physical desires embodied by Venus lust. Loves complicated blend of opposing qualities is asserted in the description of love in Venus closing lament (1136-1156). The vision of destruction takes in not only the central figures of the poem, but also its natural setting. Venus and Adonis has also conveyed a profound sense of the tragic side of existence. (Boyce) Venus and Adonis was dedicated to Shakespeares long time patron Henry Wriothesley, the Third Earl of Southampton. He is believed to have been a young noble of more than pleasant aspect, who is also thought to be the subject of Shakespeares Sonnets. In the poems dedication, Shakespeare calls his work the first heir of my invention, and it is sometimes said that Venus and Adonis was written before any of the plays. However, most scholars agree that it is much more likely to have been written between June 1592 and April 1593. Venus and Adonis was first published in 1593 by the printer Richard Field, and it was so popular that eight more editions were published during Shakespeares lifetime. It is said that Venus and Adonis style is richer and more glowing than that of the poets earliest Histories and Comedies. Venus and Adonis owes its inspiration to the works of the Latin Master of erotic poetry, Ovid (Boyce), including Ovids Metamorphoses (Book X) in particular but with elements from other sections of Ovids work as well parts of Spensers Faerie Queen (IIIi), and, perhaps, Marlowes Hero and Leander. In Ovids Metamorphoses, Adonis reciprocates Venus love, but Shakespeare followed a variant of the tale, incorporating elements from other Ovidian stories and portraying the mortals rejection of the goddess. It has been stated that by associating his work to Ovids, Shakespeare intended to be similarly witty and resourceful. Some details, especially the episode of the stallion and the mare, were said to be probably inspired by passages in the Georgics of Virgil, a renowned Latin poet. A third Ovidian love story on which Shakespeare draws is that of Narcissus, another hunter, pursued by the nymph Echo. Other Ovidian touches include the reference to Adonis as a statue contenting but the eye alone, which recalls that Ovids Pygmalion: Offended with the vice, where of great shore is packed within The nature of the womankind, he led a single life, And long it was ere he could find in heart to take a wife. The poem is not mainly a praise of sexual love, it is also an illustrated and psychological study of the physical and emotional attitudes of wooing, lust, and repulsion, which is extended after Adonis death to the goddess anguish, reflected in her postures showing sadness and sweetness. At the end of Venus and Adonis, the goddess puts a curse on love, saying that it shall be full of paradoxes: It shall be waited on with jealousy Find sweet beginning, but unsavoury end It shall be sparing and too full of riot, Teaching decreipt age to tread the measures It shall be raging mad, and silly mild, Make the young old, the old become a child (The Wordsworth Poetry Library, The Poems Sonnets of William Shakespeare, page 113) Some scholars state that not one of Shakespeares narrative poems has mastered its stanza. They affirm that he seems no to have been interested in the matter of mechanical form. Some of the stanzas of Venus and Adonis are weak, and it is the concluding couplets that have failed, as rhyme seems to have been forced: Dismiss your vows, your feigned tears, your flattery; For where a heart is hard they make no battery. (425-6) This way she runs, and now she will no further, But back retires to rate the boar for murther. (905-6) For from the stillitory of thy face excelling, Comes breath perfumed, that breedeth love by smelling. (443-4) This beauteous combat, wilful and unwilling, Showd like two silver doves that sit a-billing. (365-6) These scholars state that Venus and Adonis is a desperate narrative that has its freshness of colour. It is affirmed that most ideas are overdeveloped; that there is strain, exaggeration, and bad taste. Some scholars have sharply criticised Shakespeare as a result of the publication of Venus and Adonis. Venus and Adonis has been thought as once too sensuous and too cold, too fleshly and too abstract, too absurd in its situations and yet too tragic in tone. Venus and Adonis includes a wide range of attitudes: elements of humour and passion, sensuous and intellectual perceptions have been combined within this controversial narrative. With some minor defects, the poem is said to be a triumphant example of diversity in unity. .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .postImageUrl , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:hover , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:visited , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:active { border:0!important; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:active , .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0 .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue1ced4353dc8110e0dba500e01afabe0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How do the writers of four poems reveal their attitudes to nature EssayVenus and Adonis may be only seen as insignificant entertainment intended to attract the patronage of a cultured Elizabethan aristocrat; or the poem may be given more weight and viewed as an example of Renaissance art. However, the moral to be found in Venus and Adonis has proven elusive, and the poem has been assessed in many different ways, as has already been described. Some critics feel that Venus and Adonis is a failure, an immature effort that is confused and uncertain because the author himself was unclear about the nature of love and lust and therefore resorted to humour to patch up his undeveloped work. Others see the poem as a delightfully erotic comedy, a celebration of sexual passion. Although Adonis dies, his story is couched in humour, and his death is not a tragic one -his corpse vanishes into air and his blood becomes the goddess nosegay. By this, the boy that by her side lay killd Was melted like a vapour from her side; And in his blood that on the ground lay spilld, A purple flower sprung up, chequerd with white, Resembling well his pale cheeks, and the blood Which in round drops upon their whiteness stood. (The Wordsworth Poetry Library, The Poems Sonnets of William Shakespeare, page 114) Adoniss death may be seen as the pathetic outcome of his cold and foolish aversion to love and sex. On the other hand, the horror of his death and Venus condemnation of love at the end of the poem may be thought to condemn lust as a primal source of destruction. Venus and Adonis deals with perhaps the most difficult emotion to understand: love, and presents an essential paradox: love, an obvious manifestation of an elemental life force, is often tied to a self-destructive inclination towards death. One must analyse the fact that Venus and Adonis is unquestionably amusing and entertaining, and that it may be also regarded as funny. Even when Venus first sees Adonis corpse, the famous simile of the shrinking snail offers an image that softens the situation: Or as the snail, whose tender horns being hit, Shrinks backward in his shelly cave with pain, And there, all smotherd up, in shade doth sit (Lines 1033-1036) Moreover, Venus seems reduced to the shameful action of plucking Adonis from his horse in order to convey her powers of seduction which prove to be rather inadequate. Furthermore, her description of herself as a landscape leads Venus to an even deeper humiliation. When Adonis smiles in disdain, she is reduced to helplessness by his dimples and states that being mad before; how doth she now for wits? (line 249). In spite of the fact that Adonis rejects the wild nature of the love that Venus demands from him; he is himself associated with animals throughout the poem. This can be seen from the early parallels between him and the birds and the symbolism of his runaway horse as a male lover, to his almost sexual union with the boar in mutual death. In a similar spirit, the poem boasts frequent vivid and sensual representations of country life. This can be clearly noticed in the comparison of the captive Adonis to a trapped bird: Look how a bird lies tangled in a net, So fastend in her arms Adonis lies (Lines 67-68) It also compares Venus to a mild doe, whose swelling dugs do ache (line 875). The poem also makes reference to the wild boar: On his bow-back he hath a battle set Of bristly pikes, that ever threat his foes; His eyes, like glow worms, shine when he doth fret; His snout digs sepulchres whereer he goes; Being moved, he strikes whateer is in his way And whom he strikes his crooked tushes slay. (lines 619-624) As a conclusion, we believe that Venus and Adonis has often been considered as less relevant to Shakespeares modern readers, who prefer the authors dramas. This work has often been regarded as weak and artificial, as its characterisation seems to be feeble if compared with the plays. In spite of what has been previously stated, Venus and Adonis contains many charming and entertaining passages. We think that less critical readers will be able to enjoy the way in which the myth is turned into a human story. Like Shakespeares greater works, it is concerned with the human predicament, and it illuminates the young playwrights attitude towards one of his most important concerns, sexual love. Moreover, some scholars state that Shakespeare was raising questions of major concern in his approach to life and love. Furthermore, Shakespeares Venus and Adonis is interesting from the point of view of human emotions and attitudes, as it analyses human nature far beyond what may seem as a mere narrative story.

Project Sponsor Interview Essays

Project Sponsor Interview Essays Project Sponsor Interview Essay Project Sponsor Interview Essay The internet places vast amounts of information at our fingertips. More and more customers view the website first before they visit a store or make contact with the company. A company’s web page is becoming the face of the corporation in today’s marketplace. The design of that web page can either entice or detract a potential customer from seeking assistance. Web page design companies use project managers to supervise web page construction for corporate and government clients. The success or failure of these pages depends on the use of sound project planning and metrics. Practical use of these metrics will win clients. The improper use of planning and metrics will drive business away. Having a project manager that can use the metrics to their advantage will ensure the web design company can stay profitable. Ionata Web Solutions is a provider of internet based applications and data base driven web sites. The company has offices located in Tasmania and San Diego. The company was formerly known as Nextleft before 2008. Nextleft experienced a great deal of success developing web applications for a wide range of government and corporate clients. Their web design and software solutions facilitate content creation, content control, editing, and essential web maintenance functions. Josh Gaffney has been a project manager for Ionata since 2002. His duties include overseeing the design process of the web sites created for clients and managing a team of 5-10. He uses the information that he and the sales team gather when they are meeting with perspective clients to design web pages that are suitable to the company’s needs. These web pages can be as small as a page to as large as an entire company’s site, including their sales and support applications. Josh has witnessed and helped fuel the growth of the internet into the enormous influence in everyday life that it is today. In the early stages of web design the pages were sometimes crude and difficult to navigate. With a team of talented and artistic programmers and designers, he has developed stylized pages that consumers find appealing. As technology gets better and computers become more advanced, the bar on web page design and function keeps rising. Josh has challenged himself and his team to keep above the bar and produce quality products at competitive prices for the customers. I have chosen to interview Josh because I have always been interested in the field that he is currently working in. My goal is to use my project management skills in a technology field as well. I performed this interview with several goals in mind. I wanted Josh to divulge as many facts and figures as he could. Each question was targeted to retrieve the most information possible. During the interview Josh was able to explain the details of his work and how a project starts, progresses, and ends. To start, I asked Josh what he would consider to be three critically important things you must do well as a project manager in order for the project to succeed. He answered that having great communication skills, understanding the needs of team members, and being able to estimate and give information when needed are critical to his position. Communicating with team members is very important because they need to be informed of their job tasks. Each team member is an integral part of the project plan. If one member is uninformed it could delay every other part of the project. Keeping your teams needs met requires a manager that is on task and able to listen to the team members requests. Another critical part of the job is being able to estimate information and educate sponsors and team members on what improvements will come from the project. Using a manager’s estimate of impact allows Josh to estimate the percentage of improvement that should be attributed to the project. Being able to show improvement estimations to sponsors and clients will demonstrate that you are ready to take on the activities with a goal in mind. Starting a project can be intimidating for some managers. It is important that the manager knows how they should start the process. The team usually starts off the project with a â€Å"kickoff meeting. † The team sits down together and starts to plan the schedule and budget. The input from the customer is analyzed and an overall design sense is mapped out. Project costs are weight and compared to the wants of the customer. His team is usually working on two to three projects at any given time. Some are small and some are large, but each is produced with quality in mind. Your finished project is what the customer sees and critiques. Josh stressed that deadlines can fluctuate. The scope can change if the customer decides to add or subtract requirements for the design. Clients will ask for more or different elements to be added, even during the later stages of the project. Each project has to be looked at in a new light. You cannot treat one client the same as the next. â€Å"We do not produce cookie cutter web applications. Each site or application is tailored to the customer. † He also talked about the budget and the importance of keeping within the guidelines that have been set. When determining the costs of the project, Josh will meet with the team and produce a â€Å"projected cost vs. budget plan. † These estimates are based on how the project will be done, in what time frame, and with what resources. You cannot decide what to build until the costs and budget have been weighed. You do not want to try to build an elaborate site on a shoestring budget. Before the plan is implemented, he always asks, â€Å"Can we stay in the budget range. † This is a surprisingly simple question, but one that is the foundation of the project. If the answer is yes, the plan will be approved and work will be scheduled. Josh uses data and statistics to entice potential clients into choosing his team to build their web applications. He will show the customer how building or redesigning will increase traffic to their web page. Using data from previous projects shows the client how a new design has worked for previous customers. This helps new customers see the benefits of choosing to move forward with the project. One of the initial statistics that he uses is web analytics. Web analytics are any request for a file from a Web server. This means that every request that is made to a Web server can be considered a hit. Every time an image is downloaded for display on a Web page is a hit. For example, a simple Web page with four images would result in five hits to the server. These hits provide sense of overall happiness and time spent at the web page. More time spent on the site means more opportunities for the company to reach additional customers. Another metric used to show the potential benefits of the project is the Return on Investment (ROI). The ROI helps to convince the client that the expense for the project solution is beneficial. Josh uses estimates of impact verses the cost estimates to convey the payback and profit to the customer. The ROI is a great tool to convert statistics and data to the monetary value that the customer is looking for. Josh has encountered many problems during certain projects, but I asked him to think of two big problems that he encounters and what he does to resolve them. The first problem that he mentioned is managing unreasonable demands. A good portion of the clients do not understand what is possible. Some customers make demands that the team cannot accommodate. Most want more work performed without increasing the budget. Josh has the daunting task of keeping the customers happy. He works with the customer to explain the limitations and set realistic expectations. The second problem he faces is the element of overload. Working on two or more projects can cause the project manager to be overwhelmed if the schedules are not clear and concise. Following the designated tasks and keeping the team on schedule requires the manager to focus on staying within the set time frame. As a follow up question to keeping the team on schedule, I asked Josh to expand on how he completes that task and what he does to resolve issues within the team. There are different personalities in every team. Each member should be treated fairly and with respect. You will have different types of situations to deal with in every team. Some members are creative while others are technical or analytical. Team members do not always relate well to others. This is where you pay special attention to the needs of the team. Some need close management while others hate it. While some members can stay on task on their own, others are prone to over promising and under delivering. For these team members Josh likes to set up â€Å"check in points. † These points allow the manager to keep track of the team member’s progress so the entire team does not fall behind waiting for one component to be completed. Some deadlines are hard and some are soft. It is best to keep the deadlines in the forefront of your mind. Forgetting or dismissing deadlines will ultimately add more cost and resource consumption to the project. Once the project is coming to a close the team will build a presentation for the customer to see the finished product before the page is uploaded. They will use different methods to exhibit the product to the client. Some customers are presented the information over the web in a live web meeting. Other clients want to see the product first hand or will send a representative to check the work. Mock ups and presentations are prepared in advance with flash slides so the client can see the new design in action. Some have not seen the product since the beginning or at all. This portion of the project is extremely important to the team. If the client is not impressed or favorable of the product, more work will need to be performed until the product is acceptable to the buyer. As stated earlier, sometimes the customer’s demands are unreasonable. The team is always limited to the technology and tools that are available. Some client’s wants may be too idealistic or they strive for an unrealistic perfection. The purpose of process improvement is to identify, analyze and improve existing processes within an organization to meet new goals and objectives. The final product is the key to any project. Without quality work the process will not be improved and may even degrade the development. Moving in a backward direction is unacceptable for continued success of the project team. Reference: Gaffney, J. P. (2010, February 24th). Project Manager, Ionata Web Solutions. Interview. Phillips, J. J. , Bothell, T. W. , Snead, G. L. (2002). The project   management scorecard: Measuring the success of project   management solutions. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.

8 Reasons No One Will Hire You

8 Reasons No One Will Hire You You’re still searching, still unemployed, and getting more and more frustrated by the day. Everybody tells you it’s a numbers game, a waiting game, and that as long as you are doing all the things you know you’re meant to be doing to get a job, that you’ll eventually get hired. There are, however, a few sneaky reasons why you just aren’t hirable. Perhaps there are a few things you are doing, unwittingly, that are compromising your prospects and sabotaging your search.Take a look at the following what-not-to-dos and make sure you aren’t guilty of any of them before you start blaming fate or the bad economy for your continued joblessness.1. You’re a little messy.It sounds sort of silly and, I don’t know, last century, but personal presentation actually can have a huge amount to do with the impression you make and your hirability. Are you clean? Smell nice? Wearing clean, pressed, well-fitting clothes? Great. Are you pierced or spo rting lots of visible tattoos? This, unfortunately (and yes, somewhat unfairly), can impact your chances- same with showing up unshaved.2.  You don’t prep well.If you’re not walking into every interview having done your homework- reading up on the company, your interviewer, and your industry- then you should be ashamed of yourself. Highly prepared candidates are going to be mopping the floor with you at every turn. If you find the whole process a little daunting, hire a career coach!3. You bombed the interview.Giving a good interview means showing up presentable, prepared, and having something to say. If you’re apathetic, unresponsive, monosyllabic, depressed, aggressive, apathetic, or show a bad attitude of any kind, you just will not get hired.Make sure your interviewer doesn’t have to pry answers out of you. Be prepared to answer truthfully and candidly- and without having to be coaxed. But also make sure not to talk too much, as that can swing you i n the opposite direction of bad interviewees. Remember, you’re being graded here on your communication skills- which are crucial! Prove that you have some. Ask a friend to mock interview you and diagnose your situation.5. You didn’t follow directions.Job postings are often very specific. If yours asks for a very specific task, say a one-page statement about something specific, or a particular piece of the application, don’t think you can disregard this and see what happens if and when you move forward. Failing to follow your first basic direction doesn’t bode well for a candidate and you likely will not make the first cut.6. You’re using an archaic job title.Your job title has been rendered obsolete- or is on the off in your industry. Whether your job is being phased out, or replaced by robots, or your industry is simply stagnating, you might want to consider switching tacks- or switching fields.7. You’re over- or under-qualified.You either applied as a shot in the dark or even you know that you’re hideously overqualified. Even if you’re desperate for a job, hiring managers are going to see your impressive resume and assume you’ll leave them for a better job at the earliest opportunity. Consult or lash out on your own- or wait for a job opening that more matches your skills. On the other hand, if you don’t meet at least 60% of the qualifications listed in a posting: don’t bother applying. You’re just wasting everybody’s time (including your own).8. You’re asking for too much money.Everyone is tightening their belts. Salaries are taking a bit of a dip across the board. So if you’re asking anything in the tens of thousands above the stated salary range, you might as well be shouting at the hiring manager not to take you seriously.10. You’re making it all about you.A little secret: the hiring process isn’t about you and your perfect elevator pitc h and your list of skills and experience. It’s about the company: a gap they need to fill, a problem they need to solve. Start thinking how you might help them rather than how they might help you by hiring you. And if you aren’t tailoring your materials for each individual job, then you’re never going to get anywhere- promise.